Daftar Isi:A. Introduction Internationalization in Higher Education 1. Introduction 2. Internationalization of Higher Education a. Competition Within Higher Education b. Rankings 3. Influences on Incorporating Internationalization Strategies The Japanese Context a. Historical Influences on Prestige b. The Role of English in Japanese Education c. Hierarchical Influences on Change Within Japanese Higher Education d. Instituting Internationalization The Need for Bottom-Up Change e. Chapter Overview B. Trends in Access to Higher Education in Japan One Institution s Responses 1. Introduction Demographic Trends 2. The Literature a. Martin Trow Elite to Mass to Universal Access b. Higher Education in the World of Universal Access c. Internationalization and the Low-Prestige University in Japan 3. Institutional Response to Pressures from Increased Access The Case of One Japanese University a. Competition b. Retention d. The Role of Leadership e. Incorporating Change from the Bottom-Up f. Discussion Faculty Culture and the Job of Teaching C. Contextualizing Internationalization in Higher Education Study Abroad Programs for Global Human Resource Development 1. Introduction 2. Study Abroad Research 3. United States Examples of Study Abroad Programs for Horizontal Mobility 4. European Union Examples of Study Abroad Programs for Horizontal Mobility 5. Japanese Examples of Study Abroad Programs for Horizontal Mobility 6. A Case Study of Study Abroad Program Design and Creating Global Human Resources a. Embedding Critical Thinking into Study Abroad Courses b. Home Country Program Preparation Preparative Courses c. Host Country Program Considerations d. Home Country Program Reflection Reflective Courses 7. Discussion Bridging Global Issues Concerning Study Abroad with the Local Reality of Raising Global Human Resources D. Internationalization of Higher Education in the Foreign Language Curriculum in Japan A Teacher s Perspective on Compulsory English Discussion Course 1. Introduction 2. English Education in Japan Background a. Communication Skills and English Discussion Cultural and Noncultural b. Critical Thinking and English Education in Japan 3. Examples of Integrating Communication Skills and Critical Thinking into English Courses 4. The Top Global University Project and Attempts of Improving English Education 5. The Unique Characteristics of EDC 6. Discussion Challenges of EDC for Japanese Students E. On the Road to Achieving Communicative Abilities Contextualizing Communicative Language Learning 1. Introduction 2. Situation Foreign Language Learning in Asia and Japan a. The Force of Past Learning Experiences b. Considering the Present c. The Missing Element in Communicative Pedagogy 3. About Visual Thinking Strategies 4. Integrating Visual Thinking Skills into the Classroom Under the Ideals of Internationalizing Pedagogy a. Using Visual Thinking Strategies in the Classroom b. Student s Opinions of Visual Thinking Skills 5. Discussion Points to Consider in Incorporating VTS F. Considering the Implications of Internationalization Within Japanese Higher Education 1. Limitations to Educational Change 2. The Incorporation of an Internationalization Project Within Higher Education 3. Changes in Response to the Development of Internationalization Projects 4. Implications The Importance of Bottom-Up Change